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Healthy Lifestyle: Promoting Mental Health

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Healthy Lifestyle: Promoting Mental Health

By: Maria Koutsothanasis

Maintaining a healthy lifestyle through regular exercise and a balanced diet offers significant benefits for mental health. Physical activity and proper nutrition can enhance mood, reduce stress, and promote overall well-being, improving mental and emotional stability.

The Role of Exercise in Mental Health

Exercise is an effective way to boost overall mental health. When we engage in physical activity, the brain releases dopamine and serotonin; neurotransmitters that play key roles in elevating mood, improving cognition, and reducing feelings of anxiety and depression. Regular exercise also helps to lower cortisol levels, the body’s stress hormone, which can help reduce overall stress.

Exercise can also improve sleep quality, which is crucial for emotional well-being. A good night’s rest enhances cognitive function, memory, and emotional regulation. Additionally, accomplishing exercise goals can increase self-esteem and a positive body image, further supporting mental health.

The Impact of Diet on Mental Health

Diet plays an equally important role in mental health. Food provides essential nutrients that support brain function and emotional stability. Food can be a fuel to the body. Healthy and nutrient-filled foods can produce serotonin and dopamine and regulate them. A balanced diet helps stabilize blood sugar levels and prevent energy crashes, which can lead to irritability and fatigue. Foods rich in fiber and probiotics, such as fruits and vegetables, play a key role in emotional regulation.

Exercise and diet together can increase overall mental health. Regular physical activity is a natural treatment for feelings of anxiety and depression. A well-balanced diet provides the energy and nutrients needed to fuel physical activity. Incorporating regular exercise and a healthy diet into daily life can significantly enhance physical and mental health. These habits not only improve mood, reduce stress, and boost self-esteem, but they also support emotional resilience.

If you or someone you know is struggling with depression, anxiety, eating disorders, or other mental health issues, please contact our psychotherapy offices in New York or New Jersey to talk to one of our licensed professional psychologists, psychiatrists, psychiatric nurse practitioners, or psychotherapists at Arista Counseling & Psychiatric Services. Contact our Paramus, NJ or Manhattan, NY offices respectively, at (201) 368-3700 or (212) 722-1920 to set up an appointment. For more information, please visit http://www.counselingpsychotherapynjny.com/

Diet and mental health. Mental Health Foundation. (n.d.). https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/explore-mental-health/a-z-topics/diet-and-mental-health

Lifestyle to support mental health. Psychiatry.org – Lifestyle to Support Mental Health. (n.d.). https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/lifestyle-to-support-mental-health

Understanding the effects of a healthy lifestyle on Mental Health. Penn State Health News. (2021, May 3). https://pennstatehealthnews.org/topics/may-2021-one-group-blog-mental-health/

Anxious Thoughts: How to Quite Them with Simple Self-Talk

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Anxious Thoughts: How to Quite Them with Simple Self-Talk

By: Angy Farhat

Have you ever noticed how your anxious thoughts can feel like a loud, persistent soundtrack playing in the background of your mind? They might be vague (“Something bad is going to happen”) or specific (“I might crash my car”), but either way, they tend to disrupt your day and leave you feeling tense and worried. What if you could turn down the volume of these thoughts and take back control?

One powerful technique to combat these overwhelming thoughts is by using self-talk. Anxious thoughts often feel like promises of disaster—dangerous predictions that seem almost certain. But what if you could challenge these thoughts with statements that offer reassurance instead of fear?

Here’s how it works: When you experience a fearful or anxious thought, you can counter it with a more grounded, calming statement. For example, if your anxious thought is “I am in danger,” you can respond with “I am safe right now.” It’s a simple but effective strategy to shift your mindset from panic to calm.

Take John, for instance. He’s driving on the highway, and his anxious thoughts spiral: “This is dangerous… anything could happen… I won’t be able to react in time… people crash on highways all the time.” These thoughts feed off each other, growing louder and reinforcing the feeling that disaster is imminent. The more he believes them, the more overwhelming they become. But here is where self-talk can make a difference. Instead of surrendering to the anxiety, John could pause, take a deep breath, and remind himself, “I’ve driven this highway countless times, and I’ve always been fine.” With this gentle challenge to his anxious thoughts, James gains a sense of control and the volume of his fears starts to decrease.

Think of this like getting rid of an earworm, that catchy song that sticks in your head and won’t go away. When you finally shake it off, you’re left with relief—and space for something more positive. Using self-talk to challenge anxious thoughts is a way to reclaim that mental space. You stop focusing on the worst-case scenario and make room for calmer, more rational thoughts.

Here are a few more examples of how you can challenge anxiety-driven thoughts:

  • “I am in danger” → “I am completely safe in this moment.”
  • “I am going to fail” → “I have succeeded at many things. I typically figure things out.”

The key is to remember that you have the ability to influence your thoughts. By gently confronting your anxious monologue with calm, factual responses, you can reduce its power. Over time, this can help you feel less overwhelmed by anxiety and more in control of your emotional state.

So, next time your anxious thoughts start to rise, try using self-talk to quiet them down and bring yourself back to a place of peace.

If you or someone you love is struggling with anxiety, please contact our psychotherapy offices in New York or New Jersey to talk to one of our licensed professional psychologists, psychiatrists, psychiatric nurse practitioners, or psychotherapists at Arista Counseling and Psychotherapy. Contact our Paramus, NJ, or Manhattan, NY offices respectively, at (201) 368-3700 or (212) 722-1920 to set up an appointment. For more information, please visit http://www.counselingpsychotherapynjny.com/. 

References:

https://www.calm.com/blog/negative-self-talk#:~:text=facts%20or%20assumptions%3F-,Reframe%20the%20thought%3A%20Replace%20the%20negative%20thought%20with%20a%20more,distance%20yourself%20from%20anxious%20thoughts.

Pink Cocaine: What to Know

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Pink Cocaine: What to Know

By Madison Gesualdo

There have been a lot of unfortunate headlines in the news recently, with two of the most prominent being the P. Diddy case and the recent death of One Direction star Liam Payne. Both of these unfortunate developments have a common denominator: they involve the presence of a designer drug commonly referred to as “pink cocaine.”

Pink cocaine, better known to certain users by its street name of tusi, very rarely contains actual cocaine. It is a synthetic substance that can contain a wide variety of drugs including methamphetamine, methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), opioids, and occasionally cocaine. The one drug that typically is consistently included in pink cocaine is ketamine. The mixture is usually dyed pink using dye or food coloring, yielding its pink color and name. All of the drugs in the mixture are, essentially, crushed up to form a concoction that users can snort. The ratios of the different drugs in pink cocaine can be adjusted on a user-by-user basis so that the drug is ultimately tailored to fit the desires of each individual user. Therefore, there is no universal formula for the making of pink cocaine.

With the many different formulas of pink cocaine come the many variations in the effects it can have on users. Depending on how much of a certain drug is present in pink cocaine, users of this drug can experience the following potential symptoms:

  • Confusion
  • Hallucinations/delusions
  • Nausea
  • Agitation
  • High blood pressure
  • Shallow breathing
  • Changes in breathing pattern
  • Low body temperature
  • Seizures
  • Changes in sleep patterns
  • Changes in personality
  • Issues with memory/attention
  • Depression and anxiety

Although this is a fairly new designer drug, it is still contains several highly addictive and dangerous substances. If you or a loved one is suffering from substance use or abuse, it is important to get necessary help to prevent future use of drugs like this and the lasting effects that drug use can have.

If you or someone you know is struggling with substance abuse, addiction, or other mental health issues, please contact our psychotherapy offices in New York or New Jersey to talk to one of our licensed professional psychologists, psychiatrists, psychiatric nurse practitioners, or psychotherapists at Arista Counseling & Psychiatric Services. Contact our Paramus, NJ or Manhattan, NY offices respectively, at (201) 368-3700 or (212) 722-1920 to set up an appointment. For more information, please visit http://www.counselingpsychotherapynjny.com/

Glasner, S. (2024, October 30). Pink cocaine is hitting headlines and clubs. Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/navigating-addiction-recovery/202410/pink-cocaine-is-hitting-headlines-and-clubs

Juarez, L. (2024, October 22). What is ‘pink cocaine’? Designer drug linked to Liam Payne and named in Diddy lawsuit. ABC7News. https://abc7news.com/post/what-is-pink-cocaine-designer-drug-linked-liam-payne-sean-diddy-combs/15451752/ Wiginton, K. & Begum, J. (2024, May 22). What is pink cocaine? WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/addiction/what-is-pink-cocaine

Depression: What is dysthymia?

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Depression: What is dysthymia?

By: Josette DeFranco

Dysthymia is mild but has more long-lasting symptoms than major depression. Dysthymia is also known as persistent depression disorder because it is continuous and long-term. There is no exact cause of dysthymia but biological differences, brain chemistry, life events, and inherited traits can play a role. It has been demonstrated that those with depression don’t have any family history of this disorder and those with a family history of depression don’t struggle with this disorder.

Some noticeable symptoms of dysthymia:

  • Loss of enjoyment of regular activities
  • Sadness or depressed mood
  • Lack of motivation
  • Tiredness
  • Sleep problems
  • Problems with decision-making or concentration
  • Restlessness and impatient
  • Low self-esteem
  • Overeating or eating very little
  • Suicidal thoughts
  • Substance misuse
  • Relationship difficulties
  • School or work hardships

Some ways to help prevent dysthymia:

  • Reach out to friends and family
  • Seek medical professional help
  • Work on reducing stress
  • Be patient
  • Be kind to yourself
  • Practice self-care
  • Don’t self-medicate

If you or someone you know is struggling with their mental health, please contact our psychotherapy offices in New York or New Jersey to talk to one of our licensed professional psychologists, psychiatrists, psychiatric nurse practitioners, or psychotherapists at Arista Counseling & Psychotherapy. Contact our Paramus, NJ, or Manhattan, NY offices at (201) 368-3700 or (212) 722-1920 to schedule an appointment. For more information, please visit https://aristapsychiatrypsychotherapy.com/

Resources:

https://www.webmd.com/depression/chronic-depression-dysthymia

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/persistent-depressive-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20350929

Depression: Postpartum Depression

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Depression: Postpartum Depression

By: Josette DeFranco

Postpartum depression is a vulnerable time for a woman’s health. Many women are experiencing mood changes and are expected to have an amazing transition into motherhood. However, many women struggle with mental health issues after giving birth. It’s important to spread awareness and show support to the women who are struggling with postpartum depression.

Postpartum depression symptoms start to occur four to six weeks after giving birth and can gradually decrease as time goes on. Nonetheless, depression can reoccur within three years after pregnancy or giving birth. Some common symptoms of postpartum depression can be intrusive, unwanted thoughts and postpartum rage.

Here are some ways to help someone you know or who is struggling with postpartum depression:

  • Seek help from a licensed mental health professional
  • Look for a community to help you in both emotional and practical ways
  • Practice mindfulness and relaxation therapy
  • Use positive affirmations and be more kind to yourself
  • Practice skin-to-skin care which can help with reducing the stress hormone cortisol
  • Avoid alcohol or recreational drug use
  • Eat healthy
  • Prioritize rest for yourself
  • Gaining more knowledge about postpartum depression

If you or someone you know is struggling with their mental health, please contact our psychotherapy offices in New York or New Jersey to talk to one of our licensed professional psychologists, psychiatrists, psychiatric nurse practitioners, or psychotherapists at Arista Counseling & Psychotherapy. Contact our Paramus, NJ, or Manhattan, NY offices at (201) 368-3700 or (212) 722-1920 to set up an appointment. For more information, please visit https://aristapsychiatrypsychotherapy.com/

Resources:

https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/parenting-translator/202306/how-to-improve-postpartum-mental-health

Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction

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Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction

By Madison Gesualdo

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) refers to a decline in neurocognitive function from a patient’s baseline functioning that occurs in individuals who undergo surgical processes and are put under anesthesia. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction complicates a patient’s central nervous system, delaying their neurocognitive recovery process as a whole. Individuals who endure POCD typically experience issues with their attention span, memory, learning, perception, executive functioning, and motor skills. POCD is not to be confused with postoperative delirium; while postoperative delirium is an acute state of neurocognitive functioning lasting approximately 1-3 days post-surgery, POCD typically persists longer, lasting weeks, months, or in some cases, years.

While POCD is not yet a formal psychiatric diagnosis, it is characterized by the DSM-5 as a mild neurological disorder, falling under the cognitive impairment classification. POCD occurs in roughly 10-54% of patients within the first few weeks of surgery.

A variety of risk factors for POCD have been identified, including advanced age, severity of the surgery being performed, type and amount of anesthesia being used, electrolyte imbalance, and pre-existing conditions (such as dementia and diabetes). These factors are examples of factors that would put a patient at higher risk for suffering from POCD after his or her surgery.

Although no specific treatment exists for postoperative cognitive dysfunction, different treatment methods have proven to reduce the effects of the condition. These methods include, but are not limited to:

  • Anti-inflammatory drugs
  • Biologically active substances
  • Surgical techniques and anesthesia best suited to fit the specific patient being operated on
  • Improving a person’s cognitive functioning prior to surgery

If you or someone you know is struggling with mental health issues, please contact our psychotherapy offices in New York or New Jersey to talk to one of our licensed professional psychologists, psychiatrists, psychiatric nurse practitioners, or psychotherapists at Arista Counseling & Psychiatric Services. Contact our Paramus, NJ or Manhattan, NY offices respectively, at (201) 368-3700 or (212) 722-1920 to set up an appointment. For more information, please visit http://www.counselingpsychotherapynjny.com/

References:

Brodier, E. A., & Cibelli, M. (2021). Postoperative cognitive dysfunction in clinical practice. BJA Education, 21(2), 75–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjae.2020.10.004

Spriano, P. (2024, September 9). What do we know about postoperative cognitive dysfunction? Medscape Medical News. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/what-do-we-know-about-postoperative-cognitive-dysfunction-2024a1000g9b?ecd=WNL_trdalrt_pos1_240909_etid6816496&uac=445328CY&impID=6816496

Zhao, Q., Wan, H., Pan, H., & Xu, Y. (2024). Postoperative cognitive dysfunction-current research progress. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 18, 1328790. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1328790

Depression: Do Genetics Play a Role in Depression

GalleryJudy Gurfein Leave a comment

Depression: Do Genetics Play a Role in Depression

By: Josette DeFranco

Major depressive disorder is a condition that affects many individuals. Major depressive disorder can range from being clinically mild and short-lasting to recurring over and over again, to being highly chronic and treatment-resistant. Depression is known to run in families indicating that there are genetic factors. It can be a combination of life experiences and environment. Genetics plays a mild role in depression. Also, families with certain genetic patterns lived eight years shorter than average. As depression may range from transient to debilitating it is expected that many different sets of genetic alterations are involved. Some genes are associated with weight and body, neuron development, and brain inflammation and another group is associated with proteins that tell the immune system which cells are friendly and which are not. This means that our genetics can not only influence our physical characteristics but also how our brain functions and our immune system interacts and identifies with different cells in the body. Your environment can modify the genetic factors that play a role in depression.

If you are concerned about a strong history of depression in the family and are scared about it affecting you or your future children a study suggests that even with a high tendency for depression, psychotherapy or behavioral activation therapy can reduce it. Individuals need to understand the life-changing impact their environment can have on their mental health. Our emotions are generated by our thinking which may serve as an influence on our behaviors. You may have had genetic roots of depression, a difficult upbringing, or a terrible tragedy that has currently occurred but if you change your thinking then your emotions will change as well.

If you or someone you know is struggling with their mental health, please contact our psychotherapy offices in New York or New Jersey to talk to one of our licensed professional psychologists, psychiatrists, psychiatric nurse practitioners, or psychotherapists at Arista Counseling & Psychotherapy. Contact our Paramus, NJ or Manhattan, NY offices respectively, at (201) 368-3700 or (212) 722-1920 to set up an appointment. For more information, please visit https://aristapsychiatrypsychotherapy.com/

Sources:

https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-athletes-way/201603/depression-new-research-shows-genetics-are-not-destiny

https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/psychiatry-the-people/201804/massive-study-clarifies-genetic-risks-major-depression

https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-three-minute-therapist/202007/overcoming-genetically-based-depression

Sleep Deprivation Psychosis

GalleryJudy Gurfein Leave a comment

Sleep Deprivation Psychosis

By Madison Gesualdo

Remember that episode of Law and Order: Special Victims Unit where Sarah Hyland gave us an Oscar-worthy performance as a genius prep school student, Jennifer Banks, who attacked her roommate because of their academic rivalry? During the trial, the defense was able to prove diminished capacity on Jennifer’s behalf, meaning that Jennifer’s impaired mental state at the time of the crime prevented her from fully controlling her violent actions. Jennifer, who had been taking a form of modafinil that allowed her to stay awake for six consecutive days before she committed her crime, was suffering from sleep deprivation psychosis. Because the defense was able to prove this, she was able to plead guilty to her crime on a lesser charge and was only sentenced to seven years in prison at the conclusion of the episode.

Let’s talk about sleep deprivation psychosis from a clinical standpoint. On the show, it is mentioned that being awake for 17 hours is similar to having a blood-alcohol content (BAC) of 0.05% – that’s legally impaired in the state of Utah, even though the federal limit is 0.08%. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health corroborates this finding, adding that being awake for 24 hours is the equivalent of having a BAC of 0.10%. Now, imagine Jennifer’s psychological state after being awake for 144 hours without a minute of sleep, running off of a stimulant drug designed to block dopamine receptors and consequently increase the body’s overall levels of dopamine. It’s no wonder that her memory of the encounter with her roommate was hazy at best.

According to a 2018 study published in Frontiers in Psychiatry, sleep-loss developments such as hallucinations and perceptual distortions can occur in individuals with no history whatsoever of psychiatric issues. This study essentially found that the more time a person spends awake, the more he or she will progress towards a state of psychosis. Symptoms such as anxiety, disorientation, and depersonalization began after 24 – 48 hours without sleep, evolving into disordered thinking and complex hallucinations after 48 – 90 hours without sleep. Once a person reached the 72 hour-mark without sleep, the study claimed, his or her psychological state resembled that of toxic delirium or acute psychosis.

If an individual is experiencing insomnia, anxiety, depression, or any other conditions that can lead to a deficiency in proper sleep, he or she should seek help immediately. A wide variety of intervention methods and medications are available to help gradually regulate an individual’s sleep-wake cycle and prevent cognitive impairment resulting from sleep deprivation. Make sure to speak with a mental health professional to see what options are available to you.

If you or someone you know is struggling with sleep, anxiety, or mental health, please contact our psychotherapy offices in New York or New Jersey to talk to one of our licensed professional psychologists, psychiatrists, psychiatric nurse practitioners, or psychotherapists at Arista Counseling & Psychotherapy. Contact our Paramus, NJ or Manhattan, NY offices respectively, at (201) 368-3700 or (212) 722-1920 to set up an appointment. For more information, please visit https://aristapsychiatrypsychotherapy.com/

References:

Davis, C. (Writer). (2009). Hothouse (Season 10, Episode 12). [TV series episode]. In D. Wolf (Executive producer), Law & order: Special victims unit. Hulu. https://hulu.com

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (2020, March 31). Impairments due to sleep deprivation are similar to impairments due to alcohol intoxication. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/work-hour-training-for-nurses/longhours/mod3/08.html#print

Waters, F., Chiu, V., Atkinson, A., & Blom, J.D. (2018). Severe sleep deprivation causes hallucinations and a gradual progression toward psychosis with increasing time awake. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 303. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00303

Stress: Does Job Stress Contribute to Mental Illness

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Stress: Does Job Stress Contribute to Mental Illness

By Josette DeFranco

Work stress is not often addressed. We tend to take on many tasks, leading to feeling overwhelmed physically and mentally. For some, work is a routine and many find working under stress helps them concentrate. On the other hand, some people don’t work as much and try to maintain a slower pace. In either circumstance, work can cause severe stress. Stress in the workplace can lead to decreased productivity and burnout. It is important to note how our body feels so we can find signs earlier that our mental and physical health needs a break.

Some negative effects of stress in the workplace manifest in various ways such as a lack of motivation, reduced job satisfaction, physical and mental health problems, and interpersonal conflicts. If you notice you are feeling more fatigue, irritability, or apathy it may be best to give yourself a break. Job stress can lead to some mental illnesses like depression and anxiety. Stress prepares your body for a defensive action, like an alarm for the brain. It impacts your nervous system releasing hormones that help sharpen your senses and tense your muscles. You may have heard of something called the “flight or fight response.” This is important because it helps you defend against situations your body finds threatening. If stressful situations go without being addressed it will keep your body in a state of activation. Some ways to help alleviate job stress are to ensure that the workload is in line with workers’ capabilities and resources, allow yourself to take a break, create boundaries, provide opportunities for social interactions among workers, and establish work schedules that accommodate your responsibilities outside the job.

If you or someone you know is struggling with their mental health, please contact our psychotherapy offices in New York or New Jersey to talk to one of our licensed professional psychologists, psychiatrists, psychiatric nurse practitioners, or psychotherapists at Arista Counseling & Psychotherapy. Contact our Paramus, NJ or Manhattan, NY offices respectively, at (201) 368-3700 or (212) 722-1920 to set up an appointment. For more information, please visit https://aristapsychiatrypsychotherapy.com/

Resources:

https://business.talkspace.com/articles/the-negative-effects-of-stress-in-the-workplace#:~:text=The%20effects%20of%20work%20stress,%2C%20interpersonal%20conflicts%2C%20and%20more.

https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/99-101/default.html#Job%20Stress%20and%20Health

Tardive Dyskinesia

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Tardive Dyskinesia

By Madison Gesualdo

Tardive dyskinesia is a syndrome in which a person exhibits repetitive, involuntary muscle movements. This syndrome directly affects the central nervous system and is typically seen in patients who are prescribed antipsychotic drugs, usually for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Tardive dyskinesia is chronic, with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition mandating that symptoms must persist for at least a month after an individual discontinues his or her medication in order to be officially diagnosed.

Neuroleptic drugs, also known as antipsychotics, are the most common inducers of tardive dyskinesia. Antipsychotics are often prescribed to patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia in order to reduce symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking. These drugs successfully work by blocking receptors in the nervous system – specifically D2 dopamine receptors in the midbrain and forebrain – and consequently lowering dopamine levels within an individual. This is crucial for individuals diagnosed with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia because overactivity of dopamine in the brain can alter brain chemistry, leading to many of the psychotic symptoms associated with these disorders. Thus, antipsychotic medications are able to help assuage some of these symptoms by regulating an individual’s dopamine levels.

Like most medications, neuroleptic drugs have the potential for negative side effects. A person who has been taking neuroleptic drugs for an extended period of time may start experiencing abnormal involuntary movements, contractions, tics, tremors, and restlessness. All of these actions, in the context of long-term antipsychotic use, encompass tardive dyskinesia. These symptoms occur as the result of dopamine receptors having been blocked for too long; blockade of these receptors prevents fluid communication between nerve cells, resulting in a lack of stable movements in an individual.

If an individual finds that he or she is experiencing medication-induced tardive dyskinesia, he or she should consider talking to a doctor about stopping or switching the current medication that is causing it. Additionally, deep brain stimulation can also be utilized as a solution. This procedure employs a neurostimulating device that sends electrical signals into the brain to stimulate the blocked dopamine receptors and encourage movement.

Tardive dyskinesia should not be disregarded, as there are plenty of methods of intervention that can help reduce symptoms within an individual and make the condition more manageable. Make sure to consult with a healthcare provider about a treatment plan if you or a loved one is experiencing this condition.

If you or someone you know is struggling with their mental health, please contact our psychotherapy offices in New York or New Jersey to talk to one of our licensed professional psychologists, psychiatrists, psychiatric nurse practitioners, or psychotherapists at Arista Counseling & Psychotherapy. Contact our Paramus, NJ or Manhattan, NY offices respectively, at (201) 368-3700 or (212) 722-1920 to set up an appointment. For more information, please visit https://aristapsychiatrypsychotherapy.com/

References:

Allarakha, S. (n.d.) Why do antipsychotics cause tardive dyskinesia? MedicineNet. www.medicinenet.com/why_do_antipsychotics_cause_tardive_dyskinesia/article.htm

Ameer, M.A., Patel, P., & Saadabadi, A. Neuroleptic Medications. [Updated 2024 Feb 21]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459150/

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596

Bhandari, S. (2023, January 12). What is tardive dyskinesia? WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/tardive-dyskinesia

Cornett, E.M., Novitch, M., Kaye, A.D., Kata, V., & Kaye, A.M. (2017) Medication-induced tardive dyskinesia: A review and update. The Ochsner Journal, 17(2), 162-174. https://www.ochsnerjournal.org/content/17/2/162/tab-article-info

The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health. (n.d.) Antipsychotic medication. CAMH. www.camh.ca/en/health-info/mental-illness-and-addiction-index/antipsychotic-medication#header.

Vasan, S., & Padhy, R.K. Tardive Dyskinesia. [Updated 2023 Apr 24]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448207/